The Legacy Of Jackie Robinson Essay example -- Sports Baseball

The inheritance of Jackie Robinson goes past the April 15, 1947 evening at Ebbets Field, when the Brooklyn Dodger infielder turned into the primary dark in the twentieth century to play baseball in the significant groups. He changed the game, and he changed the demeanor of many individuals in this nation, Jackie Robinson battled for all the individuals that were blessed, a great deal of them are, particularly the minority folks, to have the option to play in the significant groups and the effect on the ethnic minorities today. Robinson was an evidently incredible player who had a portion of his greatest years taken from him. He was a speedster who driven his group to six World Series, won Rookie of the Year praises, a MVP grant and was a six-time All-Star. In any case, it’s not on account of his great profession that Jackie’s number 42 is resigned in each significant class ballpark. It’s in light of the fact that on a nippy evening in 1947 at Ebbets Field, Robinson took the precious stone for the Dodgers to turn into the main dark man to play in a significant class ball game in the cutting edge period. His heavenly play and additionally, his balance enduring an onslaught made ready for baseball mix, as boundaries separated in baseball, they likewise began to disintegrate in the public eye on the loose. While Jackie is best associated with coordinating significant group baseball, an occurrence that happened before his notoriety as a Dodger proclaimed his future as a warrior in the fight for social equality. America entered World War II, as in the vast majority of America at that point; blacks endured the ire of isolation. Jim...

Aids Attitudes Among Pharmacy Students Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Since the time the primary occurrence of HIV was perceived in 1981, HIV has spread over the mainlands to recognize itself as the most yearning malady to order. AIDS ( AIDS ) is depicted as ‘pandemic ‘ of twenty-first century and Fiji island has non had the option to rescue itself from it. As of February 2009, there were 294 affirmed occasions of HIV positive patients however no investigation of what number of formed into AIDS was given. We will compose a custom paper test on Helps Attitudes Among Pharmacy Students Health And Social Care Essay or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now Contrasted with universal figure of occurrences, Fiji was positioned 137 with predominance of 0.1 % ( ref ) . In Fiji, AIDS speaks to a status which will take to perish and can be simple be transmitted. Notwithstanding wellbeing exposure and cognizance by Ministry of health ( Fiji ) , open position AIDS with a degratory mentality which non simply influences people groups perceptual experience, however next to patients experiencing HIV mediation. Wellbeing consideration experts play a basic capacity in bearing of AIDS patient and understanding their disposition towards AIDS tolerant is of significant concern. Drug specialist being the provider of pharmaceutical consideration, it must be assumed that mentality of a pharmacist ought to be of no partiality or predisposition as they are providing regard for a patient. Despite the fact that drug specialists in retail and open area exchange with HIV patients on everyday balance, there is inadequacy of writing evaluating demeanor of drug spe cialist or pharmaceutics students towards AIDS. Along these lines, motivation behind this examination is to break down demeanor towards AIDS among drug store understudies at Fiji School of Medicine. Besides, greater part of the pharmaceutics understudies in south Pacific are prepared at Fiji School of Medicine ( FSM, presently Fiji National University, College of Health logical control ) . Drug store students are chosen for this examination in light of the fact that at long last they will be called for consideration of AIDS or related surprises after they completed their program. Thus, this study will help to actualize any approach changes that might be expected to join among pharmaceutics students through organizations of health exposure and guidance through course of study. Foundation Social sigma towards AIDS understanding has been of significant worry in South Pacific and it has appeared to affect heading and demeanor of patient towards intercession orchestrating to review directed by Pacific Islands AIDS establishment. Issue of sigma non simply exist in Fiji, yet alongside in states around the Earth. In 1987, World Health Organization ( WHO ) ordered AIDS epidermics in three phase which incorporated the scourge of HIV, the pestilence of AIDS, and the pandemic of shame, preference, and disavowal. The last segment is the most hard of AIDS epiderminc. Fitting to Peter Piot, official administrator of UNAIDS discovered AIDS related sigma is the most ‘continuing challenge ‘ that is by all accounts affecting the universe. Moreover, lack of methodological devices and research in AIDS related sigma composite and differing. The best strategy used to demonstrate mentality was created by in Health Psychology journal and was in this way approved in 1997. It was named AIDS Attitude Scale ( AAS ) which contained 15 focuses deliberately chose through their exploration and was more remote partition into 3 subscales viz. Dread of infectious ailment, Professional restriction and negative feelings. To thwart any cultural attractive answers by members, focuses from Crowne-Marlowe Social Desirability ( ref ) was blended with the focuses. Due to ever-expanded interest for pharmaceutical consideration, more pharmacists are not out of the ordinary clinical way of patients. In this manner, it happens to import to break down disposition of pharmaceutics students towards sicknesses particularly socially touchy AIDS. Fitting to examine done by Edward Krupat, pharmaceutics understudies indicated negative disposition towards AIDS quiet on infectious malady, feeling and expert resistance graduated tables which other than suggested modification in guidance program over the span of study. In any case, no surveies of such nature has non been done on pharmaceutics understudies in Fiji. It is fascinating to examine demeanor and partner it to free factors, for example, sexual orientation and age and occur if any affiliation exists. Approach Study Design Unmistakable overview. Study will other than try to relate factors which might be connected with constructive and pessimistic mentality towards individuals with AIDS. Study region/setting Fiji School of Medicine Overview Participants Drug store students from mature ages 1 †4 tried out Bachelors of Pharmacy or Diploma in Pharmacy program in twelvemonth 2011. Test Size Roughly 80 †100. Test size may change as it is obscure what number of students will come in twelvemonth 1 of every 2011 and the individuals who may go out pharmaceutics program. Examining strategy Delineated examining will be utilized in light of the fact that regular element of the examples will be understudies who will be tried out Bachelors in Pharmacy or Diploma in Pharmacy program in 2011. Information Management Information collection instruments, strategies and program Helps Attitude Scale ( AAS ) will be utilized to mensurate mentality of pharmaceutics students towards AIDS. It is a 15 point instrument produced for clinical and nursing understudies by for mensurating demeanor towards AIDS. ASS has been effectively utilized in arranged looks into to mensurate demeanor and has been trustworthy and there has non been any surveies decisive to picture uncertainness in ASS. For this exploration, AAS will be changed over into a signifier of sense of self controlled poll and circulated to pharmaceutics understudies. Figures Entry Information will be go into SPSS. Information examination/Design of investigation signifier Reactions from 1-3 will be classified to bespeak disagreement with every one of the 15 focuses. Closeness, reactions from 4-6 will be sorted to bespeak understanding with every one of the 15 focuses. Measurable techniques/investigation Ordered informations ( for example dispute and comprehension ) will be determined of its per centum, against every 15 focuses in the undermentioned table configuration. Things N n= oppose this idea n=agree Disease Subscale Helps makes my occupation a high peril business Notwithstanding all I think about how AIDS is transmitted. I ‘m still scared of getting it. I would non want my child to head out to class with a child with AIDS I would eat in an eating house where I realize the gourmet expert has AIDS In any event, following thorough disease control step, almost certainly, I would go septic with HIV, in the event that I were working with AIDS patients over an extensive stretch of clasp Proficient Resistance Subscale I would rather work with a superior class of individuals than AIDS patients I would want to make reference to people with AIDS to my expert colleagues Given a pick. I would lean toward non to work with AIDS patients I would see changing my expert claim to fame/position on the off chance that it got important to work with AIDS patients It is ideal to build up a couple of specializers who might be liable for the intercession of AIDS patients I do n’t want those at higher danger for AIDS, for example, IV tranquilize clients and homophiles, as patients Negative Emotions Subscale I in some cases think that its hard to be thoughtful to AIDS patients I would encounter angry if AIDS patients represented a significant bit of my caseload I much of the time have delicate, concerned affections for individuals with AIDS I feel furious about the danger of AIDS which homophiles have forced on the continuous network a ) Dependability of the graduated table will be tried by computing Cronbach ‘s alpha and recorded in the undermentioned plain cluster Constancy Statisticss Cronbach ‘s Alpha N of Items .022 4 Second segment of examination will be Pearson ‘s Chi squared preliminary to break down any relationship between Contagion, Professional Resistance and negative feelings subscale against sex or twelvemonth of the student. Informative supplement I. Poll Step by step instructions to refer to Aids Attitudes Among Pharmacy Students Health And Social Care Essay, Essay models

Philosophy Things

Philosophy Things Economics is a weird kind of science. Like biologists or chemists, economists are of course concerned with gathering empirical data to support or refute their theories about the world. But unlike the hard sciences, which deal in the habits of atoms and molecules, economics explores those of the Human a totally different beast with a whole different set of considerations to cover. Correspondingly, economists deliberate on an additional type of question, the normative (as opposed to the “positive”) or the ought (as opposed to the “is”). Basically, positive economics explores questions regarding how a society is, fueled by familiar scientific practices of devising models and gathering evidence for and against them. The normative component of the discipline, in contrast, tackles a different type of question: how should a society be? Which policies should governments enact in order to best pursue a successful economy? Or more philosophically, what is a successful economy or socie ty? As an economics student, these questions are naturally floating in my imagination pretty frequently, though it’s not like there are any prerequisite courses to finding this subject interesting. It seems totally fundamentally human to possess a basic sense of right and wrong, a deeply intuitive notion of “ought,” and a tendency to imagine how these intuitions should apply on a broader political scale. Especially in an age of social and political divide, questions like this are all but impossible to avoid. During my past few semesters, musings on this broad range of topics had led to a number of late-night conversations with friends and a lot of interesting discussions. Two of these friends independently urged me to take the class 17.01J/24.04J “Justice,” which I ended up taking this past spring, and (to put it simply) thought was amazing! Over the course of the semester we covered a variety of different and mutually conflicting theoretical perspectives on what makes for a just society. I guess with this post I was hoping to share with you one of the topics in the class I found most exciting one about which I found myself rambling to my TA over email and to my professor in person, regardless of the fact that I have never before been a person who engages with faculty, or whatever. I just found the subject exceptionally engaging. I should also maybe warn you that this post is full of ~spoilers~ for the class! I mean, I guess that should be obvious, but I feel like the order of the content is all neatly crafted such that the learning builds on itself and your understanding of each topic is illuminated by the previous ones, and then here I am just coming along and brazenly choosing one of them to kidnap from its proper context and present to you independently. So if that sounds distasteful to you, then maybe it would be better to just take the class yourself and learn all the stuff in the order its presented! Plus, it’s probably more fun to figure out your own position on the subject matter before reading someone else’s.. just a consideration. With that said, here is a comic that makes me laugh, which you should go read. It is a good introduction to the topic. :’) Mister Nozick’s Neighborhood Mister Robert Nozick was a philosopher at Harvard who, for context, lived from 1938 to 2002 and published his widely influential Anarchy, State, and Utopia in 1974. This book would capture the public imagination and help to pave the way for the pro-market, small government wave of thought that prospered in the 1980s under leaders like Reagan and Margaret Thatcher. Such ideology remains popular in the West increasingly so in recent years and is most commonly known in the US as Libertarianism. To be sure, Nozick was not the first to advocate for such ideas, with clear influence from economists like Milton Friedman and F. A. Hayek. Yet he was certainly a pioneer in both the logical clarity to which he put his arguments and the sheer extent to which he held them. He was the furthest thing from a pragmatist, and believed certain rights were absolute. And while thinkers like Friedman were claiming that taxation reduced autonomy and incentives, Nozick was busy arguing that nearly all taxa tion is not only unjust, but morally equivalent to slavery. One evening my friend Nick and I were in the student center when we happened to run into someone else who we recognized from the class. With a few minutes we had to chat, he asked us what we thought of the material we were learning, at which point we had just begun the Nozick unit. Like me, he seemed sort of puzzled/distraught by it, like “I know I don’t agree with it… but why?” Each proposition seemed more or less palatable to us, but then the conclusions were extreme. Laissez-faire capitalism as the only morally justified economic system? Social welfare programs as forced labor? Indeed, a central and controversial claim of Anarchy, State, and Utopia is that the only justified government function is to protect people and their property from physical harm or theft. Or in its own words, “the minimal state is the most extensive state that can be justified. Any state more extensive violates people’s rights” (p. 149). The book reads fast and I definitely recommend it if you’re into this stuff, but in the interest of not taking too much of your time or pasting an obscenely large amount of (copyrighted) text, I’ll just summarize the argument we focused on in class which puts forth a moral basis for the Libertarian viewpoint. The argument begins with the idea of rights as side-constraints, rejecting the idea of the “greater good” and asserting the moral inviolability of individuals. This perspective was inspired by Immanuel Kant’s moral theory that human beings are ends in themselves, and may never be sacrificed or used as mere “means to others’ ends” without their consent.   Something you shouldnt do, according to Kant  (image source) According to Nozicks formulation, violating a moral side-constraint necessarily entails a violation of one’s rights regardless of the utilitarian benefit that it might allow for others. He then argues that the moral side-constraint relevant to political philosophy is the constraint against the use of force, under which no one may use or threaten the use of physical force against anyone else. If any action violates the moral side-constraint, then it is automatically said to be unjust, as is any situation that arises as a result of it. This idea is importantly intertwined with the concept of consent. Nozick’s thought drew heavily on that of the 17th century philosopher John Locke, who argued that governments can derive their right to coercion only from the consent of the governed. For its time, Locke’s work was revolutionary: a man may not call himself king and implement laws upon a territory if its people have not given their sanction. But whereas Locke pragmatically supposed that implied consent of the governed could suffice, Nozick took this notion further and believed that expressed consent should be theoretically needed from each individual in order for government coercion to be applied legitimately to them. Otherwise, the governed people’s rights would be violated, as the state would be threatening the use of force (e.g. prison) against individuals for disobeying rules which they had never consented to. The first part of Anarchy, State, and Utopia is dedicated to imagining how a state could justly arise in accordance with the moral side-constraint against force. Basically, proto-governments arise as “protection agencies,” which are businesses that individuals subscribe to for a fee to protect them and their property from others. Eventually one of the agencies presumably the most efficient comes to dominate the market and becomes an “ultraminimal state,” which over time, by a process which is not really relevant enough to detail here, settles into its position as a “minimal state.” Nozick begins Part II of the book by explaining his ideas regarding private property, or “holdings.” His ideas about how property can come to be originally acquired and transferred to others comprise the substance of his Entitlement Theory. The theory is as follows: The first part of this theory asserts that an individual justly owns a piece of property if he acquires it in accordance with “justice in acquisition.” Nozick supposes that an individual can justly “appropriate” or claim an unowned object or piece of land as their property so long as no one else can reasonably complain that they are made “worse off” by the act of appropriation. The second part of the Entitlement Theory “justice in transfer” stipulates that property may only be transferred (or rented, lent out, etc.) from one owner to another consensually, as in a mutually agreed-upon transaction or contract. Acts of theft and fraud are prohibited here, as they violate the owner’s consent. Following from these premises, he argues that any attempt by a governing body to interfere with individuals property to promote equality or social welfare must necessarily violate their rights. The simplest form of the argument is that redistributive taxation violates the side-constraint against force by coercing individuals to non-consensually renounce the property they justly own at the threat of a prison sentence. With respect to the concept of equality or a fair distribution, Nozick reminds us that maintaining such an ideal would either force individuals to renounce property that they justly own or forcibly prevent consenting adults from making just property transfers with each other. And then, an additional argument concludes that seizing people’s property and transferring it to others is morally on par with forced labor, because if property is justly acquired as the fruit of one’s labor, taxation to benefit the “social good” would effectively force people to spend some of their working hours for someone else’s benefit. He concludes by this logic that taxing citizens to promote social welfare must necessarily be immoral. The question we then had to answer in our paper was this:        Does Nozick succeed in showing that all redistribution, other than to return stolen goods, is unjust? What do you guys think? Undefined Have you ever seen one of those proofs that say, 0 = 1, or 1 = 2, or more generally that one number equals a different number which it most definitely does not actually equal? See here: One of my teachers in high school showed us this proof and asked us if we could find the error. Personally, I followed the logic right to the end and couldn’t see anything wrong with it! But, as many of you probably know (or recognized), the trick to these cutesy proofs is that because a = b, that means that (a b) equals zero, which we divide by in line 5 to surreptitiously break mathematics. When I saw this, I already knew that dividing by zero was a deadly and forbidden sin, but I didn’t realize we were dividing by zero when we called it “(a b)”. The reality concealed by the expression eluded me, which led to a wacky and unintuitive conclusion. One lesson we can draw from this aside from the perils of division by zero is that terminology can easily deceive or prevent us from recognizing what’s actually there. A second important takeaway is that the language we use to describe something cannot change what it fundamentally is; in other words, we can call zero whatever we like and it would invariably still be wrong to divide by it. This point also of course applies to logical reasoning, in which a contradiction is still a contradiction even if we change the vocabulary we use to refer to a given thing. The phrase “enhanced interrogation” gives us rosier mental imagery than “torture,” for example, but you could not consistently be “for” one and unconditionally against the other when they refer to the exact same act. You also could not support enhanced interrogation while being against say, “physical or psychological violence,” a more general term under which the act of torture falls. Of course, this all seems perfectly straightforward when pointed out, but it’s more difficult to recognize in practice. When studying Nozick’s libertarianism, I immediately felt an intuition that something was wrong with it one which Ms. Rand might explain away as an irrational result of my social upbringing, but which I suspected was logical in origin. Yet, despite its potential to serve as a powerful guide, intuitive thought has the unfortunate shortcoming that it can only take you so far, as in this case, when it alerted me that something was logically suspicious and then refused to say where or what. I talked to my professor about it and put forth various suggestions about how this could be resolved. I did believe that consent was important and I didn’t see anything wrong with the side-constraint against force, nor did I notice anything objectionable in the Entitlement Theory. I proposed some possible solutions that were conceivable, but not entirely satisfying, kind of like finding a duck-taped box of batteries and wires under the couch when I was really looking for my cell phone (good enough?). My professor wasnt about to give away any answers, instead preferring a Socratic style which examined thought without really directing it. Though I do remember when I expressed frustration at my confusion, he suggested “maybe you see an issue with original appropriation?” And I said, “huh, I don’t think thats it.” Then two days before the paper was due, it sort of hit me, like  waaait a second! I felt like Archimedes in that bath story, which apparently isn’t actually true, though maybe that makes it even more fitting cause he was probably sitting at his desk just like me when the real “Eureka” moment happened. Finally it all made sense, and I could sleep again (but not actually, cause I had to pull an all-nighter the next night to write the paper). And in the next few days even after I turned it in, the full implications of this simple point would gradually become clear and solid to me. The argument Firstly: What does the moral side-constraint tell us about what people may and may not do to each other? In its simplest terms, it says I may not use or threaten physical force against others. Thus, regardless of who I am (an aspiring king, a random individual..) I may not declare to you that “you may not do X, or else I will use force to punish or make you compensate me.” Following this, it should be even more clear that I also could not proclaim that, “as a rule, not you or anyone except for me may do X, or else I will force you to repent/repay.” Nozick would easily agree that enforced proclamations of this form are both immoral and unjust in the libertarian sense. “X” could be literally anything, given it is not itself a violent act, e.g. practicing a certain religion, saying something mean about me, or wearing a particular silly hat. Rules of this form may only be placed on people with their expressed consent, as in by consensual contract. Secondly: what does Nozick tell us about how property can come to be held? Taking inspiration again from Locke, he imagines humanity starting off in a “state of nature,” in which there is no coercive rule or government and the world is originally unowned. In the state of affairs before original appropriation, the only rule is the moral side-constraint, and everyone is at liberty to do anything they like with the material world. Perhaps an individual will be socially shamed for using an object in a way others find objectionable, but morally they cannot be physically harmed or coerced in punishment for it. Now consider Nozick’s theory of property appropriation. In particular, imagine the hypothetical “State-of-things A,” as I just described, in which no human has yet appropriated property. This is soon followed by a “State-of-things B,” in which the first human has appropriated a piece of land or object as their property. What exactly is the difference between these two scenarios? On first thought we might say the difference is that “well, property has been appropriated (duh),” but this doesn’t tell us any new information, since the abstract phrase doesn’t describe any tangible difference in reality. Instead, we will have to ask what it means, using non-abstract terms, to “appropriate.” Nozick hints at this tangible, real-world meaning by noting that “whereas previously [others] were at liberty to use the object, they now no longer are” (175). And indeed, by pursuing this elusive definition, it becomes ultimately clear that “appropriation” means that a rule is placed upon the rest of society by the act of the appropriator, in the form of “not you or anyone except for me may do X, or I will use force to punish you or make you compensate me.” This is the relevant difference between scenarios A and B; this is what Nozickian property  is. “X” above just becomes “using this given object or plot of land,” and so it logically follows f rom the side-constraint against force that original appropriation (and by corollary, the entire institution of private property) must necessarily be unjust. Murrica. (image source) But then, as you might remember, Nozick explicitly declares as a proposition that “appropriation is just” as long as it is done in a way such that no one can legitimately claim that they are made “worse off” by it. So following from the moral side-constraint, the act of appropriation is unjust, while simultaneously a proposition of the philosophy declares it to be just. But the properties of “just” and “unjust” are conceived to be mutually exclusive, and so as with the activist who opposes “physical and psychological violence” but believes “enhanced interrogation” is okay Nozick’s philosophy is shown to be contradictory. As the logical analogue of division by zero, a contradiction is enough to make an argument instantly fall apart: see the Principle of Explosion (if a logical system contains a contradiction, then literally any statement  can be proven in it), or else the words of Douglas Hofstadter: “contradictions cannot be contained; they infect the wh ole system like an instantaneous global cancer” (from Gödel, Escher, Bach). I think this contradiction would have been easy to notice if the term “appropriation” had been more transparent, but the reality of the act was concealed by the expression, which led to the wacky and unintuitive conclusions that constitute Nozick’s libertarianism. Comrade Rand urging us to reconsider the premise that property is just. If you insist, girl Not quite done though Anticipating potential responses to an argument you make is really important in most any scenario, but especially so in a philosophy paper, which would literally not be complete without it. Though to clarify, by “potential responses” I’m not really referring to those who are inclined to wave red-and-black flags rising up and/or seizing the means of production at the conclusion that a proper philosophy based on the moral inviolability of individuals’ consent logically cannot incorporate private property. On the contrary, I’m more referring to potential responses by people who still want to believe in Nozick. Callie and Callies mom are both me  (Source:  Pictures For Sad Children) So as for possible counterarguments, here are a few of those: If it can be said that someone owns his labor, then it makes sense that he also can own any object which he labors to create or improve. Nozick himself considers this theory (p. 174-175), discussing its difficulties and logical shortcomings and ultimately rejecting it. He adds that, to date, “no workable or coherent value-added property scheme has yet been devised” (175). Even if this act normally would violate the side-constraint, it should be “allowed” or considered an exception to the rule based on some special property of its circumstance. It a valid possibility that property appropriation is permitted as an “exception” to Nozick’s side-constraint, in which a violation is considered unjust except in this special instance. But if this were the case, it would then seem necessary to give some reasoning for it. Certainly something like “intuition” can’t suffice, because that would warrant an impossible explanation of why this single case is arbitrarily chosen from an enormous list of possible exceptions that could also potentially be justified this way. What about a justification on the basis that no one can complain that property appropriation makes anyone worse off? This too is insufficient by the same logic, since it could equally apply to a bunch of other non-consensually imposed rules which would be entirely impermissible to the philosophy. An argument like this basically asserts that a side-constraint violation is permissible if its effect is neutral or a Pareto-improvement. But Nozick explicitly mentions a “prohibition on … using or threatening force for the benefit of the person against whom it is wielded” (34). So even though he argues that property really makes everyone better off, he still believes that this is inadequate as a justification to ignore the side-constraint. With this out of the way, there is also another way this philosophy could be possible, which is that there is no justification given for why property should transcend the moral side-constraint and that it is permitted entirely arbitrarily. Or in other words, consent is the absolute most important criterion for morality and should be upheld at all costs, except in the one particular instance where a massive and large-scale violation of it allows for the creation of unregulated capitalism, in which case it’s totally fine.. Why? Because Mister Nozick simply declared so. This is a point Id like to elaborate on a bit more, because it took me a while to fully understand it, but I’m really glad that I do now. Basically, this point reminds us that the rule or set of rules that creates the institution of property is a human invention, as opposed to a description of how the world works. That is not at all to say that it isn’t a good one, but rather that it could easily and arbitrarily be something different and should be thought of conceptually the same as any other rule or law. To draw an illustrative parallel: some Americans think that no one should be allowed to have abortions, some think that no one should be allowed to have abortions except for early in the pregnancy, and some favor no restrictions at all. And then, with regard to property: Nozick thinks that no one is ever allowed use an object or piece of land claimed by someone else without their consent, John Locke thinks mostly the same except in the case where the person who owns the propert y is letting it go to “waste” (at which point the owner loses the property right), and Emma Goldman would favor no coercive restrictions at all. Many people might agree that the rule should be “no one may use property owned by someone else, except in the case of democratically agreed-upon taxation to provide public goods.” Other people disagree, and they have their own ideas about what the rules should be. But regardless of anyone’s specific opinion, the point is that there is no a priori justification for favoring the most restrictive conception over any of the others, or viewing it as the default from which others deviate. Does that make sense? Honestly, the only real reason I can imagine for favoring it is if simplicity is our supreme criterion. The institution of property is a natural law, and not invented by humans themselves. Before the first act of property appropriation, anyone may do anything they like with any part of the material world. However, it is possible that this is not because there are no rules, but because a pre-existing “natural” rule has not yet become relevant, namely: “no one may use any material object which has been appropriated by someone else.” It might look like the situation is that “I may do what I wish with X object,” but in reality it is that “I may do what I wish with X so long as nobody has claimed it as their property.” I think the subtleness of this point makes it interesting. It is to say that although it appears in this original scenario that everyone is truly free, they are actually living under this preordained law that came from a source outside of humanity such that the side-constraint remains intact when the first human appropriates. Perhaps the gods read Atlas Shrugged and want laissez-faire capitalism on Earth (who knows?) or perhaps we are (again) arbitrarily declaring this as a theoretical proposition. Epilogue Rescuing consent In light of this inconsistency, where can we go from here to form a coherent theory which incorporates property but properly respects each individuals consent? One thing we could do is to consider what conditions under which we think that, hypothetically, everyone would consent to the institution of property. This solution could allow for the elevated standard of living that a market economy affords, while at the same time attending to issues of exploitation and prospects for equality. John Rawls was a philosopher at Harvard whose office was right down the hall from Nozicks. His work is often credited with reviving the field of political philosophy after publishing his groundbreaking book  A Theory of Justice  in 1971. Central to his philosophy is a simple thought experiment: If a society of rational individuals were put under a veil of ignorance as to who they are and then asked to create a society they would live in, what basic structure and institutions would all of them agree to? Rawls argues that the answer to this is one that allows for inequality if it raises everyones standard of living, but not if it creates a wealthy class at the expense of those less fortunate. Although his theory is slightly different from the one I suggested to remedy Nozick, it seems superior in being far more tractable, but in much the same spirit. ~ Anyway.. I think that is everything I wanted to cover! This post ended up being much longer than expected (lel sorry) but I hope it was informative and/or thought-provoking. In conclusion political philosophy is fun and you should do it. :) Also, if you have questions and ideas and stuff, you should give me those too.

Marketing Strategy of Levis - 1427 Words

The Marketing Strategy Employed by Levi s Works Cited Missing In order for a new brand to establish itself in its market and for its products to sell successfully, thus achieving company goals and shareholder profitability, a number of key principles concerning consumer behaviour have to be fully grasped and addressed. As well as producing a range of new, exciting and quality garments, the firm will need to ensure that its products are cleverly and thoughtfully marketed to the appropriate consumer groups. In this report I will look at the marketing strategy employed by Levis on their new Anti-Fit style jeans, and at the importance of consumer behaviour in deriving this strategy. I will also look at the†¦show more content†¦[IMAGE] The influences at work when shopping for designer jeans. The purchase of a pair of designer jeans is seldom undertaken with the same abandon and low risk as, for example, the purchase of a pair of socks. Jeans may be worn and enjoyed for many months, even years. Therefore the consumer would want to ensure that the jeans will remain comfortable, fashionable and flattering for more than a few outings. Creating a brand that is seen to be fashionable, desirable and having a degree of exclusivity, is vital for attacking the designer end of the jeans market. Referring to the model above and what has been written up to this point, suppose two comparably priced jeans we re tested, both equally well fitting and both well styled. A consumer may be swayed by brand snobbery, wishing to attach herself to the brand he or she believes matches his or her beliefs and attitudes and will result in greater approval from his or her significant references. The more aware a consumer is of a brand, the more likely he or she may be to purchase its product. Perception of products and brand identity has a big impact on consumer purchasing behaviour, within a dynamic fast moving market, such as the jeans market; where style and originality is the key. Perception is defined as the entireShow MoreRelatedLevis marketing strategy in relation to Type I Jeans model.3599 Words   |  15 PagesThe Marketing Plan. 1. Executive summary. 2. SWOT analysis. 3. Objectives and issues. 4. Marketing strategy. 5. Marketing mix - 4 Ps - product, price, place, and promotion. 6. Action programmes. 7. Appendices. 1. Executive summary. 1. Analyse Levis targeting of the jeans market with respect to: - product - price - place - promotion 2. 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Reflection on My Nursing Decision - 2370 Words

Pearson (2013) clarifies â€Å"clinical decision making is essential to every aspect of care delivered to a patient† (p. 214). It is the ability to blend information and make decisions that will later be implemented in the situation. Evidence-based decision making involves choosing from a variety of possibilities and combining the knowledge through research and the scientific evaluation of one’s practice. The purpose of this paper is to analyze my decision of administering ativan by advocating for the patient and anticipating her change prior to confirming signs; which provided a therapeutic response. Clinical Decision During my community placement of the cataract clinic at St. Joseph’s Hospital, one patient I observed looked extremely anxious†¦show more content†¦Rationale for Framework The CAEN Decision Making Model for Nursing Practice Framework was chosen for this analysis due to its incorporation of foundational knowledge, thinking processes, context and decision-making processes. The model places major emphasis on the quality of relationships, salience and pattern recognition, healing initiatives, critical reflection to analyze a situation pre and post and to value different ways of knowing. The client along with the nurse is intertwined in the center of the framework highlighting the importance of their relationship. All critical decision making for nursing practice is the client’s lived experience of health and healing; which is essential to the inquiry process where a nurse will enter into and become engaged in the new relationship. In this situation, being directly involved with the patient provided an opportunity to create a relationship on the basis of providing health and healing measures (CAEN, 2008). Coming to Know the Client The first stage of this framework is coming to know the client, which requires the nurse to understand that the personal meaning of health and healing is individualized and the context of this area is highly subjective. Gillespie and Paterson (2009) state that â€Å"clinical decision-making processes are triggered by recognition of a cue from a patient† (p. 167). In the case of this patient, the decision was based off a cue; a changeShow MoreRelatedA Future Advanced Practice Registered Nurse ( Aprns )1314 Words   |  6 Pagesunknowing that will only prepare me in the future practice as I provide quality nursing care. The knowledge is critical in decision-making allowing me to collaborate effectively with a multidisciplinary team, patients, and their families to promote quality care and positive outcomes. As APRNs, in order to develop nursing theories the ability to use reflection and have an open mind to different concepts and possibilities in nursing care is crucial. It only takes a few minutes to apply Watson theory of caringRead MoreI Am Pursuing Nursing As A Profession873 Words   |  4 Pagesorders to expand my knowledge. 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Since I started at APU in 2013 until now, I’ve designed my courses to include the-state-of-the-art knowledge, ethics, and practice in nursing. In all of my classes, I start the lecture with a devotion of the day from various booksRead MorePersonal Statement For Nursing Leadership962 Words   |  4 PagesAdvocate and Nursing Leadership Throughout our nursing careers we have come into a situation where we needed to advocate for our patient or co-worker. It takes leadership skills, respect, and accountability to advocate in our workplace. Moreover, in order to create change one must first evaluate the issue then set goals to implement the plan. The purpose of this paper is to discuss my weaknesses and strengths to nursing, use of current leadership skills to advocate change in the workplace, and

A judge is a person who is given the task Free Essays

A judge is a person who is given the task to decide a case. He is the arbiter who is given the authority to evaluate the facts and issues of a case and to thereafter render a decision based on jurisprudence, the law, the Constitution and other acceptable sources. A judge should be impartial, independent, possessed of competence and dignity that is required of a judge. We will write a custom essay sample on A judge is a person who is given the task or any similar topic only for you Order Now As part of due process, he should posses the cold neutrality of an impartial judge. A judge should always bear in mind, that he is the personification of justice. The people bring the case before the court that he represents, in hopes of obtaining a decision that is reflective of justice and integrity. A judge occupies a position that is above that of an average individual. He should not compromise his morals and should act in a manner that is consistent with his position both in his public and private life. It is very difficult to separate how a judge should act in his public and private lives. By this, it is meant, that even in the private lives of judges, they should live their life in a way that they are good examples to the society. A judge should set aside any biases that he has about the case, further, he should not in any manner allow personal and family relations to affect the manner by which he decides a case. A judge should be objective, making decisions by stating the facts and the law of the case. The decision of a case should have a basis so that the parties would know that their case has been decided through proper analysis and not by the whims and caprices of the judge. Democratic great powers are the manner by which justice is addressed in a given community. In any society, it is important to have a democracy. The people are viewed as the partners of government or of its leaders to achieve good governance. The people in power, like those of government officials should bear in mind that they are there to serve the people and their country and not to fuel their personal ambitions. In a democratic country, the people are guaranteed certain freedoms. These pertain to freedom of speech, expression, religion, labor, of voting and the like. These freedoms would allow the people to do their job of ascertaining as to whether or not officials in power are performing their work properly. The government does not have the monopoly of power in a democratic type of government since they know that their people can check them at any time. The government would not be given the chance to impose arbitrary laws and rules that would allow them to rule a country as they please, without thinking about the welfare of its constituents. It is very important for a government to respect the rights of their people by giving them a chance to voice out their opinions as for example, in choosing its leaders through voting. In this way, the people would have a participation in the election of those leaders who would lead their nation. How to cite A judge is a person who is given the task, Papers

Personal Finance free essay sample

Economics plays a role in personal finance. -Describe the role that economics plays in your personal financial plan. Also, the use of credit plays a role in a personal financial plan. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of credit and explain how you will use it as part of your financial plan. Specifically address the following required elements: Explain the role the government plays in personal finance (focus on regulations, laws, economic policy, etc.).- Money is created and regulated by government. People work and make their own money and create a profit which is then taxed by the government. Personal finance and government regulations are very closely linked. The government passes laws to regulate the economy hoping that everyone will prosper. The U.S. government relies on tax mostly income taxes. The income tax is the most relevant for personal financial planning, as everyone has some sort of income over a lifetime. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Finance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Both State and Federal income tax plays a large role in our personal finances. The average American pays around 28% of their annual income in taxes. Government controls economic policies that control or influence taxes, interest rates and inflation which all effect finances. Government regulates or supervises financial institutions like banks, and holds them to certain requirements, trying to maintain the integrity of the financial system. The economy and government rely on one another, which in the end always plays a role in our personal finances. Explain the role of government assistance in personal finance (describe what type of assistance is available). There are many government assistance programs available in the United States that can contribute to personal finances. These are some examples: -Medicaid: Medical benefits to low income people that have no insurance. -Medicare: Health insurance for individuals over 65 years of age. -Social Security: Retirement benefits paid to retired workers who earned enough social security credits. -Welfare: State regulated programs with assistance in daycare, job training, medical, and expenses. -SSI: Provides basic needs to the disabled. -Food Stamps: Provides benefits to low income people to purchase food. -Public Housing Assistance Program: Provides assistance for decent and safe rental housing for low income. -Stafford Student Loans: Loans for undergraduate and graduate students. -LIHEAP(Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program) – Assistance with paying for utilities for low income. Explain the impact of the tax system on personal finance (how do various taxes impact you on a personal level, related to your financial plan). -The taxes that currently affect my financial plan the most are the amount of taxes deducted from my paycheck on a yearly basis and property taxes. My husband and I were bumped into a new tax bracket a few years ago and purchased a more expensive house which means higher property taxes. The budget had to be readjusted to compensate for this increase. My financial plan for the retirement needs to factor in that one of our retirement funds involves deferred taxes. Discuss the use of credit- The use of credit is valuable, especially good credit. Having the ability to use credit and borrow allows one to buy things we could not otherwise afford at the time. As important as credit can be it can also be equally as dangerous. Many people abuse the use of credit and spend far beyond their means. Explain the cost of credit- If your credit balance is not paid off at the end of every month then the cost of credit is the interest that is accrued as well as possibly late payment fees.